These principles, which have been refined over decades of human grandmaster experience, are programmed into the engines as complex evaluation functions that indicate what to seek in a position and what to avoid: how much to value king safety, piece activity, pawn structure, control of the center, and more, and how to balance the trade-offs among them. They have to be tutored in the basic principles of chess.
But although they are far stronger than any human player, these chess “engines” have no real understanding of the game. They like to capture the opponent’s pieces. The current generation of the world’s strongest chess programs, such as Stockfish and Komodo, still play in this inhuman style. Kasparov’s sacrifice of a rook for a bishop, but lost the game 16 moves later. In Game 1 of their match, Deep Blue greedily accepted Mr. It never got tired, never blundered in a calculation and never forgot what it had been thinking a moment earlier.įor better and worse, it played like a machine, brutally and materialistically. Deep Blue could evaluate 200 million positions per second. In retrospect, there was little mystery in this achievement. In 1997, I.B.M.’s chess-playing program, Deep Blue, managed to beat the reigning human world champion, Garry Kasparov, in a six-game match. It clearly displays a breed of intellect that humans have not seen before, and that we will be mulling over for a long time to come.Ĭomputer chess has come a long way over the past twenty years. AlphaZero has not grown stronger in the past twelve months, but the evidence of its superiority has. (Among other things, it was hard to tell whether AlphaZero was playing its chosen opponent, a computational beast named Stockfish, with total fairness.) Consider those concerns dispelled. The new paper addresses several serious criticisms of the original claim. The details of AlphaZero’s achievements and inner workings have now been formally peer-reviewed and published in the journal Science this month. In a matter of hours, the algorithm became the best player, human or computer, the world has ever seen. It then played against itself millions of times and learned from its mistakes. The algorithm started with no knowledge of the games beyond their basic rules. 5, 2017, the team had stunned the chess world with its announcement of AlphaZero, a machine-learning algorithm that had mastered not only chess but shogi, or Japanese chess, and Go. In early December, researchers at DeepMind, the artificial-intelligence company owned by Google’s parent corporation, Alphabet Inc., filed a dispatch from the frontiers of chess.Ī year earlier, on Dec.
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